Audiometry Lab Report Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Audiometry - Lab Report Example It likewise helps with surveying the nature, degree, and reasonable justification of the conference disability of s tolerant. The unadulterated tone audiometry is utilized in deciding the edge of knowing about the patient. This is characterized by the most minimal hearing level at which the patient reacts at any rate 51% of the opportunity to sound-related improvements. These limits are discovered utilizing techniques as suggested by the American Speech-Language-Hearing Association. Unadulterated tone edge testing ought to be dealt with in a sound controlled room. This will help in abstaining from veiling by unsatisfactory commotion levels in the room. An audiogram is made out of three principle parts to be specific, unadulterated tone testing that decides capacity to recognize sound, and discourse testing decides capacity to decipher sound, and tympanometry which helps in characterizing where the issue is. The typical hearing capacity extends between 10 - 25 dB HL while for serve cases it goes between extreme 70 - 85 dB HL. For the principal understanding, the left ear, frequencies between 0-2000(Hz), the consultation capacity extends between - 20â€50dBHL. As the rate increments past 2000 Hz, the meeting capacity increments from - 30 to - 10 dBHL. Nonetheless, when the rate hits past 4000 Hz, the conference capacity diminishes to - 36 dBHL. Then again, the correct ear, the consultation capacity increments step by step with the exception of when the recurrence arrives at 250-500 Hz where the conference capacity stays consistent. Nonetheless, this shows the correct ear has a superior listening capacity. For the subsequent patient, the consultation capacity fluctuates between various frequencies. In the left ear, the conference capacity increments between 250-2000 Hz. Be that as it may, when the recurrence goes past 2000 Hz, the meeting capacity begins to diminish. This delineates when sound recurrence goes past 2000 Hz, the consultation capacity of the left ear gets invalid. Be that as it may, for the left ear, the conference capacity increments. Most of edges are about 0 dB HL for a sound ear. Focuses under 0 dB HL on the scale assign

Three Rules For A Good Book Essays - Mr. Tucket, Oregon Trail

Three standards for a decent book The two books that I read this late spring are: California Blue by David Klass, and Mr. Tucket by Gary Paulsen. There are three standards for composing a decent book. Lamentably nobody realizes what they are. That statement was said by W. Somerset Maugham. Each Author has their own three guidelines. I concocted my own. The three principles that I believe are the most significant.

Step by Step Guide on How to Write A Compare And Contrast Essay

Step by Step Guide on How to Write A Compare And Contrast Essay In this blog, we are going to share with you how to write a compare and contrastessay. Lets get started:- What is a compare and contrast essay? Summary What is a compare and contrast essay?Steps in Writing a Compare and Contrast EssaySelect the Topic CarefullyThink of the Structure of TextIntroductionBe CreativeAdd Some FactsApproaches to a Compare and Contrast EssayBlock ApproachPoint-by-Point ApproachTopics to Consider For Compare and Contrast EssaysTips for Compare and Contrast Essay WritingConclusion A compare and contrast essay refers to the similarities and significant differences of more than two objects. It is one of the most common methods of essay writing assignments for students. Students will need to find out the key points between more than two subjects for compare and contrast essays that will make the comparative analysis on and then evaluate the similarities and differences between those significant points. A compare and contrast essay shows the similarities and differences between two topics such as Comparing: Defines the similarities between the two subjects.Contrasting: Defines the differences between two topics. Steps in Writing a Compare and Contrast Essay Select the Topic Carefully Before start writing a compare and contrast essay, you need to choose a topic. Keep in mind that the topic should showcase their analytical and writing skills. You should choose those topics to compare which are in trend and interesting for your users. Think of the Structure of Text The structure of compare and contrast is to contain an introduction, a paragraph of one topic, a paragraph of another topic, and also a paragraph of conclusion. The students can start with an introduction, then write a paragraph that defines the similarities among the two common subjects, then a paragraph that discovers the differences among the two subjects, and then lastly end with a conclusion. Introduction Students must begin the compare and contrast essay with a compelling presentation that catches the attention of readers and introduces the topic. Be Creative Try to be and remain creative throughout the work. For instance, do not write, Ill inform students about this in my work. Rather than take the readers interest by asking two questions on all subjects: What draws teenagers to eat fast food? Why do some teenagers prefer not to eat fast food? Add Some Facts In the introduction, students must give a general outline of the compare and contrast essay. It provides the readers with the full topic of understanding students are writing about. It is an excellent idea to provide a brief historical outline. You can either start with a joke or a story. Apart from that you can also use a provoking statement in the introduction. Approaches to a Compare and Contrast Essay When writing a compare and contrast essay, students may take any of the two most approaches. Following are the two major approaches: Block Approach This approach for compare and contrast essay uses the rational pattern of defining the common points in the light of significant elements. Then all others are listed in proper paragraphs in the body and having a logical series. Point-by-Point Approach This approach is a more inclusive approach for the structure of compare and contrast essays. Topics to Consider For Compare and Contrast Essays Compare and contrast between two comedies or tragedies of William Shakespeare.The Compare and contrast between two women poets of choice, like Maya Angelou and Margaret Atwood.Compare and contrast between the customary American nuclear and Japanese family structure.Compare and contrast the effects of music and the impacts of the Internet in the childhood of the digital era.The Compare and contrast among a bacterium and a virusCompare and contrast between the monument of David through Bernini and Michelangelo Tips for Compare and Contrast Essay Writing Pick an appropriate SubjectTime to Brainstorm between Similarities and DifferencesEnhance the ArgumentOrganizational StructureA proper OutlineProof to SupportUse of Transitional WordsReview and Proofread Conclusion This information provides more information discussing how to write a compare and contrast essay, how to structure this kind of essay, how to use, compare and contrast structure terms, and how to confirm you use proper criteria for contrast or comparison. If you have some issues regarding the compare and contrast essay, you can take advantage of our company. Our company is the best writing service with various experts throughout the world. Contact us for the best essay writing help and get started with an expert essay writer.

John F. Kennedy Gave the Order for the Bay of Pigs Invasion

When John F. Kennedy, President of the United States of America, gave the orders to invade Cuba and overthrow Castro, America was expecting a victory. The American population expected Cuba to be destroyed. They thought Cuba could not stand up to the United States. What they didn’t expect was that Cuba would put up a fight. The Bay of Pigs invasion was a deciding factor in the Cold War that gave Cuba and the Soviet Union strength, and decreased morale and confidence in the Americans. The Bay of Pigs invasion took place during the Cold War, which was not an actual war, but it consisted of tensions between the USSR (United Soviet Socialist Republic) and the United States and both their allies. The Cold War began in the late 1940’s and ended in the early 1990’s. Harry S. Truman, Dwight D. Eisenhower, John F. Kennedy, Lyndon B. Johnson, and Richard Nixon were several important United States Presidents during the time of the Cold War. Joseph Stalin, Nikita Khrushchev, and Leonid Brezhnev were several important Soviet leaders at the time. Ernesto â€Å"Che† Guevara and Fidel Castro were also some of the more important leading figures in Cuba. On the first of January in 1959, Fidel Castro took over the presidency of Cuba, using his â€Å"guerilla army† (â€Å"Bay of Pigs Invasion†) to overthrow General Fulgencio Batista, an â€Å"American-backed president† (â€Å"Bay of Pigs Invasion†). A dishonest and tyrannical dictator, Batista was disliked by his people, yet he was a friend to the United States. He didShow MoreRelatedKennedy Doctrine1168 Words   |  5 PagesThe Cold War and U.S. Diplomacy James Cantrell POL 300- International Problems May 16, 2013 Professor Mark A. Stallo, Ph.D. During John F. Kennedy’s presidency the United States was seriously concerned with stopping the spread of communism throughout the world and there where hot spots that sparked the Kennedy administrations attention. Containment was the United States foreign policy doctrine that proclaimed that the Soviet Union needed to be contained to prevent the spread of communismRead MoreThe Bay of Pigs: One of the Most Important Political Decisions in the History of the United States 2279 Words   |  10 PagesThe Bay of Pigs was one of the most important political decisions in the history of the United States. The decisions that were made by President John F Kennedy showed us that the United States was far from perfect. The Bay of Pigs Invasion globally embarrassed the United States because of the lack of constructed thought put into it and its completely failed outcome. The Bag of Pigs Invasion was an unsuccessful attempt by United States exiles to overthrow the government of the Cuban Dictator FidelRead MoreEvents Leading to the Cuban Missile Crisis1579 Words   |  6 PagesCuba, a country just south of the United States of America, was the center stage of events leading up to the Cuban Missile Crisis. Actions attempted by Presidents John F. Kennedy and Dwight D. Eisenhower prior to the crisis gave incentive to the Soviet Union and Cuba to agree to place missile installations in Cuba. The Cuban Missile Crisis was an incident that might have potentially led to a third world war because of the already heightened tensions between Cuba and the U.S. - but this time withRead MoreThe Bay Of Pigs Invasion1147 Words   |  5 PagesLouis Tullo Mrs. Forsyth U.S. History II 30 March 2016 Bay of Pigs Invasion Bays in pigs invasion is a cold war planned and fought by American president John F. Kennedy in an attempt to overthrow in early 1960’s. This came after Fidel Castro overthrew the then Cuban president Fulgencio Batista. The president was corrupt and had allies in the United States allowing the Americans to control the Cuban economy (Khan 21). The incoming Castro did the opposite by disapproving the Americans and resistedRead MoreThe Bahia De Cochinos Invasion : Who Carries The Blame?1947 Words   |  8 PagesThe Bahà ­a de Cochinos Invasion: Who Carries the Blame? The Bay of Pigs invasion, has been a hotly debated topic since its occurrence in April of 1961. Many historians place blame on the shoulders of the President, whose administration carried out the plan, John F. Kennedy. However, others place blame on the President Dwight Eisenhower whose administration devised the plan. Some cite the failures in the planning committed by Kennedy, while others say the failure of the invasion lies on Eisenhower sRead MoreJohn F. Kennedy s Strategy On Foreign Policy1275 Words   |  6 PagesJohn F. Kennedy’s Strategy on US Foreign Policy Although John F. Kennedy’s record on foreign policy has received mixed reviews because of his all too short presidency, Kennedy’s approach or strategy on how to deal with international issues gave the United States of America options on foreign policy, both then and now. John Fitzgerald Kennedy was born to a rich and privileged family who was already a well politically connected family. The Kennedy’s fortune came from the stock market, entertainmentRead MoreCuban Missle Crisis and the Realist Perspective Essay1172 Words   |  5 Pagesrealist perspective. In 1961, President John F. Kennedy launched the Bay of Pigs Invasion of Cuba, which was a thwarted attempt by a CIA-trained force of Cuban exiles to invade southern Cuba, with assistance from United States armed forces, to oust the corrupt government of Fidel Castro. This failed operation had sent the US back into a defensive position. In former President Dwight D. Eisenhower’s remarks to Kennedy he stated, â€Å"The failure of the Bay of Pigs will embolden the Soviets to do somethingRead MoreThe Cuban Missile Crisis : Background1620 Words   |  7 Pageseastern Germany were leaving because they want communism, so the Soviet built the wall. Before the wall 300,000 people and whe n the was were built on 24 made it across the wall. â€Å"A wall is a hell of a lot better than a war.†John F. Kennedy, August 1961. Another quote John F. Kennedy said about the Berlin walls is â€Å"There are many people in the world who really don’t understand, or say they don’t, what is the great issue between the free world and the Communist world. Let them come to Berlin. There areRead MoreCuban Missile Crisis : The End Of The World1647 Words   |  7 PagesRevolution that lead up to the United States losing their ties with Cuba. The Bay of Pigs invasion was an unsuccessful attempt to remove Fidel Castro from power in Cuba that ultimately hurt the United States more than it helped. After the failed Bay of Pigs invasion, Castro’s relation with the Russians was strengthened because it was then that Castro announced that Cuba would become a Socialist Republic. President John F. Kennedy was successfully able to avoid a nuclear war by his use of appe asement andRead MoreJohn F. Kennedy s Record On Foreign Policy1304 Words   |  6 PagesAlthough John F. Kennedy’s record on foreign policy has received mixed reviews because of his all too short presidency, Kennedy’s approach or strategy on how to deal with international issues gave the United States of America options on foreign policy, both then and now. John Fitzgerald Kennedy was born to a rich and privileged family who was already a well politically connected family. The Kennedy’s fortune came from the stock market, entertainment, and other business ventures by Joseph â€Å"Joe† Kennedy

Personal Narrative For The Nebraska State Writing Test

I teach fourth grade language arts where my main focus is to prepare my students to write a personal narrative for the Nebraska State Writing Test in January. Reading and writing are intertwined in my area of professional responsibility as I motivate my students to write a well-organized, creative personal narrative. As I have taught writing, I have found reading, writing, speaking, and listening go hand in hand when composing a personal narrative (Bruning, 2011, p. 299). First of all, reading is an important part of the writing process. It can be difficult to teach students who enter my classroom with different reading levels. Due to this, I use fiction stories to expose my students to a variety of themes and styles of writing. I have found it easier for my students to understand a writing prompt when I have introduced it with a narrative story. For example, we read Jake’s 100th Day of School by Lester L. Laminack for the prompt: Memories are something that are specia l to you. Think about a time you remember well. It could be a memory about a special celebration, a favorite sports moment, or a fun time with a friend or family member. Write a story about this memory using specific details so that the reader will understand the event and your thoughts and feelings. While reading a variety of stories, I am able to point out literary elements to my students. I know reading to my students can teach my students about good writing (Bruning, 2011, p. 295). I alsoShow MoreRelatedWriting and Research Paper2935 Words   |  12 PagesWriter at Work following some of the articles. HE – Harbrace Essentials – recommended writing handbook. Strunk and White and the Purdue University Online Writing Lab can be found online (links in resources). Questions? E-mail the instructor: patricia.green@hccs.edu Other Materials Paper and pen Folder for handouts Jump drive/flash drive Grade Percentages Essay #1: (10%) 500 word personal memoir on childhood and family, or a sense of place Essay #2: (10%)Read MoreWhat Is Apa Style2702 Words   |  11 Pagesmore . . . Getting Started with APA Citation Style What is APA Style? American Psychological Association (APA) style is one of several styles for academic writing. This guide covers frequently used citation forms. The sixth edition of the Publication Manual of the American Psychological Association (BF 76.7 .P83 2010) is a comprehensive resource, available at most UBC Libraries. General Rules †¢ Formatting: The preferred APA font is a serif typeface such as Times New Roman with 12-point sizeRead MoreInterpretation of the Text13649 Words   |  55 Pagesliterary work Literature is writing that can be read in many ways. We can read it as a form of history, biography, or autobiography. We can read it as an example of linguistic structures or rhetorical conventions manipulated for special effect. We can view it as a material product of the culture that produced it. We can see it as an expression of beliefs and values of a particular class. We can also see a work of literature as a selfcontained structure of words - as writing that calls attention to itselfRead MoreANALIZ TEXT INTERPRETATION AND ANALYSIS28843 Words   |  116 Pagesindividual and depends to a great extent on his knowledge and personal experience. That’s why one cannot lay down a fixed â€Å"model† for a piece of critical appreciation. Nevertheless, one can give information and suggestions that may prove helpful. PLOT The Elements of Plot When we refer to the plot of a work of fiction, then, we are referring to the deliberately arranged sequence of interrelated events that constitute the basic narrative structure of a novel or a short story. Events of any kind, ofRead MoreStudy Guide Essay25129 Words   |  101 Pagesand developed by the faculty to help you master the content of the course. Each chapter in the study guide corresponds to a chapter in the textbook. Study guides vary depending on the course, but most will include: Learning Objectives Overviews Self Tests Summaries Key Terms Critical Analysis Questions (graduate and doctoral students only) The most efficient way to complete this course is to read the materials in both the study guide and textbook in the sequence in which it appears, generally from beginningRead MorePsy Evaluation Essay11057 Words   |  45 PagesGuide NOTE: Your final exam will consist of 100 questions selected from the following, as well as selected questions from in-class tests on Food Addiction and on The Joyful Mind; correct answers to those tests have already been posted to the doc sharing portion of the Ecompanion Website. You can use the answers to check the answers you gave on your chapter study tests. Your final exam is on Wednesday, September 12, 2012; You will have from 8:15AM to 9:45AM to complete the final exam. There are noRead MoreFundamentals of Hrm263904 Words   |  1056 Pageswealth of interactive visual and audio resources, WileyPLUS gives you everything you need to personalize the teaching and learning experience.  » F i n d o u t h ow t o M A K E I T YO U R S  » www.wileyplus.com ALL THE HELP, RESOURCES, AND PERSONAL SUPPORT YOU AND YOUR STUDENTS NEED! 2-Minute Tutorials and all of the resources you your students need to get started www.wileyplus.com/firstday Student support from an experienced student user Ask your local representative for details! Read MoreHuman Resources Management150900 Words   |  604 Pageslevels were offered promotions, transfers to other jobs in GE Fanuc, or early retirement buyouts. Additionally, employees were promised profit sharing, which has resulted in up to three weeks additional pay in profit sharing bonuses in some years. The test of the change is in the results. GE Fanuc’s revenue is up women employees, who composed about three-fourths of the bank’s workers. As a result, several years later about one-fourth of all managers and executives are women. Similar attention also wasRead MoreOne Significant Change That Has Occurred in the World Between 1900 and 2005. Explain the Impact This Change Has Made on Our Lives and Why It Is an Important Change.163893 Words   |  656 PagesD421.E77 2010 909.82—dc22 2009052961 The paper used in this publication meets the requirements of the American National Standard for Information Sciences—Permanence of Paper for Printed Library Materials, ANSI Z39.48-1992 Printed in the United States of America 2 4 6 8 9 7 5 3 1 C ONTENTS Introduction Michael Adas 1 1 World Migration in the Long Twentieth Century †¢ Jose C. Moya and Adam McKeown 9 †¢ 2 Twentieth-Century Urbanization: In Search of an Urban Paradigm forRead MoreStephen P. Robbins Timothy A. Judge (2011) Organizational Behaviour 15th Edition New Jersey: Prentice Hall393164 Words   |  1573 PagesOrganizational Behavior This page intentionally left blank Organizational Behavior EDITION 15 Stephen P. Robbins —San Diego State University Timothy A. Judge —University of Notre Dame i3iEi35Bj! Boston Columbus Indianapolis New York San Francisco Upper Saddle River Amsterdam Cape Town Dubai London Madrid Milan Munich Paris Montreal Toronto Delhi Mexico City Sao Paulo Sydney Hong Kong Seoul Singapore Taipei Tokyo Editorial Director: Sally Yagan Director of Editorial Services:

How Does Equity Fulfil the Common Law Free Essays

How Does Equity Fulfill the Common Law Common Law Equity fulfils the common law, although it does not endeavour to displace it with a moral code. In order to be influential, the law is to be professed as both certain and predictable, and also flexible and fair. Specifically, it needs clear rules on the one hand, but flexibility on the other to produce exceptions to cases that lead to apparently incongruous or unjust conclusions if the rules are applied rigidly. We will write a custom essay sample on How Does Equity Fulfil the Common Law or any similar topic only for you Order Now Equity is an essence of principles, doctrines, and rules advanced initially by the Court of Chancery in positive competition with the rules, doctrines and principles of the Common Law Courts. The obliteration of the old Court of Chancery and the Common Law Courts, has led to the proposition that the distinction between law and equity is now outdated; that the two approaches are now ‘fused. On the contrary, the better analysis, is that the common law and equity remain distinct but mutually dependent features of law: ‘they are working in different ways towards the same ends, and it is therefore as wrong to assert the independence of one from the other as it is to assert that there is no difference between them. ’ For a long time, the two structures of common law and equity ran uncomfortably side by side. Until 1615 it was by no means established which one was to prevail in the event of a dispute. Yet, even after that year the inconsistency between the two systems continued for a very long time. After the restructuring of the English court system in 1865, it was decided that in the event of a conflict between the common law and equitable principles, equity must prevail. The Judicature Acts 1873-1975 created one system of courts by amalgamating the common law courts and the courts of equity to form the Supreme Court of Judicature which would administer common law and equity. Accordingly the court ‘is now not a Court of Law or a Court of Equity, it is a Court of Complete Jurisdiction. ’ The area of law recognized as Equity developed in England and Wales in the Middle Ages in situations where the ordinary common law had failed to afford suitable redress. Many legal actions, for example, originated by the issue of a writ but the slightest inaccuracy on the writ would invalidate the entire action. Another inadequacy in the ordinary common law involved the fact that the only remedy was damages; that is, compensation, therefore, the court orders did not exist to require people to do something or to desist from some conduct, for example, sell as piece of land according to an agreement made or stop using a particular title. Dissatisfied litigants frequently preferred to petition the King for him to mediate in a specific case, the courts were, in any case, the King’s courts. These petitions’ for justice were dealt with by the King’s Chancellor who determined each case according to his own discretion. Over the years, the decisions made by Lord Chancellor became known as the rules of equity, derived from the Latin meaning levelling. These new-found rules came to be applied in a special court, the Chancellor’s Court, which became identified as the Court of Chancery. Equity began to appear as an apparent set of principles, rather than a personal jurisdiction of the Chancellor, during the Chancellorship of Lord Nottingham in 1673. By the end of Lord Eldon’s Chancellorship in 1827 equity was recognized as a precise jurisdiction. Nevertheless the development of a parallel but distinct system of dispute resolution was certainly bound to generate a conflict. An individual wronged by a failure of the common law to remedy a gross injustice would apply to the court of equity. The Chancellor, if the case accepted it, would approve of a remedy preventing the common law court from imposing its order. The catharsis transpired in the Earl of Oxford’s Case, where the court of common law ordered the payment of a debt. The debt had previously been paid, but the deed giving affect to the requirement had not been cancelled. The court of equity was prepared to grant an order preventing this and resolving the deed. The collision was in due course resolved in favour of equity; where there is an inconsistency, equity prevails. This rule is now preserved in the Supreme Court Act 1981, s 49. The history of equity is regarded by its constant ebb and flow between compatibility and competition with the common law. More recent developments in equity include, for example, the recognition of restrictive covenants, the expansion of remedies, the development of doctrines such as proprietary estoppel, the enhanced status of contractual licences, and the new model constructive trust. There is an effort, then again, to validate these new developments, which are all illustrations of judicial inspiration, by precedent. As Bagnall J said in Cowcher vCowcher: ‘this does not mean that equity is past childbearing; simply that its progeny must be legitimate- by precedent out of principle. It is well that this should be so; otherwise no lawyer could safely advise on his client’s title and every quarrel would lead to a law-suit. ’ In all probability the single most significant feature of equity is the trust. If title to any property is vested in a person as trustee for another, equity not only restrains the trustee from denying his trust and setting himself up as absolute owner, but impresses on the trustee positive duties of good faith towards the other person. Although one of the original development of equity, the protection granted to equitable owners behind a trust has developed considerably over the last 50 years. Remedies represent some interesting illustrations of the difference between law and equity; a difference which arose as; ‘an accident of history,’ according to Lord Nicholls in A-G v Blake. Ordinarily legal rights and remedies remain separate from equitable ones. Some similarities do, nevertheless, occur. For illustration, an injunction, an equitable remedy, can be sought for an anticipatory breach of contract, or to stop a nuisance, both common law claims. In A-G v Blake, the House of Lords authorized the equitable remedy of account of profits for an assertion for violation of contract where the common law remedy of damages would have been insufficient. The equitable remedy of account of profits is usually accessible where there is a fiduciary relationship but the House of Lords endorsed its request otherwise in exceptional cases where it was the operative way to remedy a wrong. By distinction, in Seager v Copydex, proceedings were brought for breach of confidence in regard for confidential information exposed by the defendants about a carpet grip. Such a claim is equitable and normally the equitable remedies of injunction and account are obtainable. On the other hand, an injunction would have been unsuccessful and he judges awarded damages. It would appear, consequently that a common law remedy is available for an equitable claim for breach of confidence. The new model constructive trust resulted in the main due to the resourceful activity of Lord Denning MR. In Hussey v Palmer, Lord Denning explained the constructive trust as one ‘imposed by the law wherever justice and good conscience require it. Cases such as Eves v Eves, where the woman was awarded an equitable interest in the property signifying her involvement in terms of heavy work, and Cooke v Head, a comparable case, regard this progress further. On the other hand, it might be that this progression has come to a standstill since the retirement of Lord Denning. A number of modern cases, including Lloyds Bank v Rosset, have re-established former ideology in this s phere relating to the survival of a common intention that an equitable interest should occur, and the existence of a direct financial contribution. These ethics are more analogous to those relating to the formation of a resulting trust. The new model constructive trust has been for the most part thriving in the field of licences. At common law, a contractual licence was controlled by the doctrine of privity of contract, and failed to present protection against a third party. Equitable remedies have been made accessible to avoid a licensor violating a contractual licence and to permit a licence to bind third parties. It has been acknowledged that certain licences may produce an equitable proprietary interest by means of a constructive trust or proprietary estoppel. In Binions v Evans, it was decided by Lord Denning that purchasers were compelled by a contractual licence between the former owners and Mrs Evans, an occupant. A constructive trust was imposed in her preference as the purchasers had bought specifically subject to Mrs Evans’ interest and had, for those grounds, paid a reduced price. Also in RE Sharpe, a constructive trust was imposed on a trustee in bankruptcy regarding an interest obtained by an aunt who lent money to her nephew for a house purchase on the arrangement that she could live there for the rest of her life. The volatility of these progressing fields is once more shown in recent case law which seems to hold back from an advancement which may have pushed the boundaries too far. Obiter dicta from the Court of Appeal in Ashburn Anstalt v W JArnold Co, accepted in Habermann v Koehler, propose that a licence will only give effect to a constructive trust where the conscience of a third party is influenced: it will be imposed where their behaviour so deserves. Judicial resourcefulness in equitable disciplines is therefore made subject to refinements by judges in later cases. Proprietary estoppel is an additional illustration of an equitable doctrine which has seen momentous progression in the interest in justice ever since its formation in the leading case of Dillwyn v Llewelyn. The dogma is established on encouragement and acquiescence whereby equity was equipped to arbitrate and adjust the rights of the parties. Its relevance has been further improved by the Court of Appeal in Gillet vHolt, where a wider line of attack to the doctrine was taken that depended, eventually, on the unconscionability of the act. Once more, it is an advancement which is outside of the organization of property rights and their registration recognized by Parliament. Cases such as Jennings v Rice show that the principle of proprietary estoppel and the protection of licences by estoppel continue to be a successful means used by the judges for the protection of licences and equitable rights. The extent to which the right welcomes protection is adaptable owing to the conditions of the particular case. For example, in Matharu v Matharu, the licence did not bestow a beneficial interest but presented to the respondent a right to live in the house for the rest of her life. A different prevailing progression in equity has resulted from the decision of the House of Lords in Barclays Bank plc v O’Brien. The case has proclaimed the re-emergence in a broad sense of the equitable doctrine of notice. They present that, where there is undue influence over a co-mortgagor or surety, this may provide augmentation to a right to prevent the transaction. This right to avoid the transaction amounts to an equity of which the mortgagee may be considered to have constructive notice. This revivification of the equitable doctrine of notice in a contemporary situation reveals evidently the flexibility of equity. A number of cases pursued this pronouncement. In Royal Bank of Scotland v Etridge, the House of Lords laid down common procedures for the application of the doctrine of notice in this situation. In summary equity fulfils the common law, although it does not endeavour to displace it with a moral code. There have been setbacks and refinements, over the last 50 years, in the progress of new doctrines relating to the trust. How to cite How Does Equity Fulfil the Common Law, Papers

Marketing Strategy & Plan of Cadbury- PESTEL Analysis & CAGE Framework

Question: Analysing External and internal environment of cadbury, their CSR using CSR stance model and the last section will be their overseas opportunity in one country except UK using that countries PESTEL analysis and CAGE framework between UK and the other country. Answer: 1.0 Introduction A company can be assessed by its strategic position in the market with respect to its competitors. This paper consists of a n extended research analysis on the biggest confectionary organization in the world, Cadbury. It will assess the critical aspects of the strategic selections which are availed to Cadbury. The paper will give the reader a significant knowledge about the various tools of research and also their importance in analysing and evaluating the markets for a business entity. The core purpose of this project is to support Cadbury to expand in its home country and also internationally with the proper use of accurate modes, theories and concepts. The strategies of marketing model will be applied and analysed in this report to indicate the competitive and market position of Cadbury. Recommendations are also given to measure the perspective of the company on the growth of the profits and revenue along with the share of market. However the planned segmentation is also evaluated critically on the foundation of the multiple procedures to categorize the financially attractive fragment for Cadbury. The available position in the industry is also identified with the help of strategic framework. The reaction of the competitors offers a detailed assessment of the probable reaction of the competitors along with the options to the strategic plans of Cadbury which are counteractive. The paper finally ends with the justification of the most possible strategic location for further operations of the business (Agudo-Valiente, Garcs-Ayerbe and Salvador-Figueras, 2013). Does The Intricacy of The Topic Intimidate You? Tame Your Fear with Unmatched Assignment Help Services from Professional Writers 2.0 Background of the Company John Cadbury founded this company in the year 1831 which was covered successfully and also revolutionized the processing of cocoa in the market from the year 1866. Cadbury then merged successfully with Schweppes in the year 1969. The company is now internationally acknowledged as the most reputed organisation with the acclamation of an international status, Cadbury Schweppes PLC (referred to as Cadbury hereinafter). The company also successfully employs more than 45,000 employees in around 60 countries worldwide. The company is positioned strategically as the fourth highest supplier of the chocolate and sugar confectionary all over the world. The supreme successful product that was promoted by Cadbury since the year 1905 is Dairy Milk, the product has become very popular melted chocolate in UK along with the other chocolate bars internationally in the terms of revenue. The companys three major pillars in its strategic success are top notch quality, money value and sound advertisement (Ajibola and Njogo, 2012). 3.0 Research Design Research design which is used in this paper focuses mainly on the accurate tools of research like PESTEL Analysis, Porters Five Forces Model to assess the external environment of Cadbury so as to recognize the probable opportunities and threats. To evaluate the internal environment the resources and capabilities framework is used in the report. To equalize with the opportunities and the external threats with the internal weakness and strengths TOWS matrix have been applied here. The corporate social responsibility of the company is also analysed clearly with the support of Carrolls Pyramid of CSR and CSR stance. To assist in the growth of Cadbury in the international market UAE PESTEL Analysis and the CAGE framework is considered to identify and point the profitability of the markets (Appleton, McKeown and Woodside, 2011). 3.1 Consequence and Outcomes With the involvement of these tools to the Cadbury Company it will help us to recognize the probable opportunities in expanding the business and also assist it forecasting the threats which cannot be anticipated now. The market of UK confectionery is very much established market having a high demand and also levels of penetration. Additionally, the market is very much controlled and is also influenced by the big players like Mars and Nestle. Thus it becomes very essential for Cadbury to be pre-emptive in implementing the different strategies of business which are effective after considering the various factors and also to construct an effective strategy of corporate social responsibility to achieve the competitive advantage (Appleton et al., 2011). 4.0 External Analysis The first and foremost fundamental step of strategic management is to analyse the current factors of the environment within which the operations of the company will be executed. The environmental factors consist of both internal and external factors. PESTLE framework is used to evaluate the external environment. There are two aspects of this analysis. The first aspect is to identify the environment in which the operations of the company take place and secondly, it gives valuable data to the company which helps in predicting the circumstances and situations of the future (Assessing the industry using Porter's five forces, 2014). Furthermore the PESTLE framework also gives a certain amount of essential fundamental knowledge to examine the macro environment; it has some constraints in measurements terms. They are: The first setback which was seen that the PESTLE analysis does not adopt the quantitative measurement method. It was majorly concentrated on the qualitative approach if measurement. The autonomous assessment of the each factor of the PSTLE model may not replicate the exact situation. According to (Beneke et al., 2015) the PESTLE analysis must adopt the approach which is based on the inter dependence of the aspects of the model. However with these restrictions the PESTLE framework is very used by the companies to examine the external environment and the impact of the same on the objectives and targets of the organization. 4.1 PESTLE Analysis- UK Confectionery Industry The factors of the framework of PESTLE have a possible influence on the company, Cadbury. Thus the analysis that is mentioned below is of high importance for Cadbury if they want to successfully execute its operations of the business. Political Factors The political factors very much scrutinize the industry of the UK confectionery. It has both positive and negative impact on the company. It is very much essential for Cadbury to make themselves aware of the different political factors which are mentioned below: The government has initiated campaigns to advertise the healthier way of living among every citizen. It is also additionally, pushing the drink and the food companies to manufacture all healthy products with a clear labelling (BOYLE, 2012). Argument on Fat Tax- The first country to initiate the fat tax on food which contains 2.2% of saturated fat was Denmark. This also included confectioneries. Later it was obliterated because the food price was inflated after this. The medical experts however seemed to believe that the fat tax was an efficient way to decrease the obesity that was prevailing in UK. Thus as that fat tax can increment the unhealthy food price, it might be implemented in near future (Bray, 2015). Economic Factors Cadburys margin of profit is affected by the economic factors. It is necessary for an organization to know the factors so that they can take steps which are important to lessen the impact of this factor. Being responsive to the campaigns on obesity the companies manufacturing chocolates are now downsizing the bars of the chocolates before the VAT rise. The changes in climate are also affecting the yields of the crops. The prices and the trade balance are being affected in this return. The crisis in the economy y might also affect the spending of the consumers and also the chocolates which are premium will be considered as unaffordable luxury for at least some months (Bugge and Lavik, 2012). Social Factors The consumers of a company are the most essential assets for a company. Thus it is significant for Cadbury to comprehend the alterations in the needs of the consumers and also the social trends so as to manufacture value products. To deal with the downfall in the economy the consumers always prefer to save money by staying home, however to have a sweetening experience and for the guests they have started purchasing the chocolate bags. As we know that the chocolate is a versatile gift in every occasion; boxed and seasonal chocolates have experienced a very high demand thereby giving rise to the sales which have been forecasted to rise by 12.5%. In the present economic and social surrounding it has been seen that the sale of dark chocolates have increased dramatically (Collier, 2010). Technological Factors To attain a competitive advantage over the competitors Cadbury should be updated technologically and should also make use of the best and the latest technology that is present in the market. In the current world the researchers and analysts are working with the growers of cocoa by the assistance of the satellite; internet connections so that it can improve the evenness and quality of their beans. The companies are now opting for the advanced methods to examine and also rank the cocoa beans. In addition they are also taking the help of six division flavour wheel to fetch out natural aroma and the essence. The change in the shape of the chocolate is a surprising trend which is ruling the market for a decade. The chocolate today are prepared very creatively in various combinations and shapes like for example Oreo biscuits having chocolates combined with it (Dul i, Gnjidi and Alfirevi, 2012). Environmental Factors The key element of Cadbury to execute its business is Cocoa. Cadbury should be responsive to the fact that there are certain effects of the environment on the production of the cocoa beans. Cadbury can design its own strategies to make sustainable cocoa. The changes in the climate are estimated to affect the cocoa farms of West Africa. By some years, more than half of the countries producing cocoa might be too hot to help in the growth of the cocoa. There is a huge decrement in the production of the cocoa because of the plant disease like black pot. The disease is a very serious problem which is destroying more than 85% of the cocoa crop. This disease is significantly severe in Central and West Africa. With the outburst of Ebola the production of cocoa beans and its trade have been affected adversely (George, Owoyemi and Onakala, 2012). Legal Factors Cadbury should be responsive enough towards the alterations in the legal regulations and law to produce their products in a legally acknowledged manner. It is very much essential for the global players in manufacturing chocolates to be upgraded with the latest changes in the law or else it might affect the reputation of the company. The current legal laws are mentioned below: The chocolate and the cocoa products must follow up with the reserved details that are formed by the Coca and Chocolate Products Regulations Act. The members of CAOBISCO should abide by with the food and safety policy laid down by EU so that the companies execute practises of fair trade and also give sales and superior products to its consumers (Jerzewska-Zychowicz, Jeznach and Kosicka-Gbska, 2012). The government of UK have enacted the imposition of penalties which is worth 4500 for any company who fails to comply with the description and labelling requirements. 4.2 Porters Five Forces Model To improve the effectiveness of a business plan, there is a necessity to evaluate the present situation. The best approach in this process is using the framework of Porters Five Forces Model. This model assists to recognize the competitive force of an industry and also give an indication of the industrys attractiveness. The following diagram will show the determinants of the model (Ketola, 2013). Figure 1: Porters Five Forces Model New entrants The confectionery market in UK is very much established and reputed in the market with top demand and also increased penetration level. There are around 274 producers of confectioneries in UK. The market is highly influenced and controlled by the major players like Nestle, Mondelez International and Mars. The company Cadbury is deemed to be an essential barrier for the new entrants because the company has a strong recognition of brand and also the threat of new firms is considerably less on Cadbury. Until and lest the product is innovative enough associated healthy style of living it cannot connect with the market to make its presence because already the market is captured by Cadbury (Kozelov et al., 2014). Threat of Substitutes The threat from substitution is very les on Cadbury because the brand equity is the key competitive edge of the company. Furthermore for the last few decades there is an increasing apprehension on the healthy life style. Thus there has been a huge increase in the sales of the products which are sugar free, products having reduced aft and cereal bars and calories providers. As per a survey recently it has been seen that the demand for the dark chocolates have also increased since it is deemed to be healthier than the other chocolates (New Partnership launched, 2010). Buyer Power There are two types of buyers in the confectionery markets; majorly the retailers and the ultimate consumers. There are also five super markets who dominate the confectionery retail markets in UK. These players are ASDA, TESCO, ALDI, SAINSBURYS and MORRISONS. These stores force more power of negotiation than the regular customers. The customers also purchase confectionary from the retailers in the local areas which are purchase on compulsion, for getting daily essentials. The confectionery products are broadly appreciated by every person in UK and they think it to luxury which is affordable (Pai and Subramanian, 2014). Supplier Power The industry dealing in confectionery works primarily with merchants of food ingredients who supply the products like sugar, cocoa and gelatine. The key producers of cocoa are in Latin America, West Africa and South East Asia. In accordance with a recent study it was founded that Mars, Mondelez and Nestle controls 38.5% of the entire global supply. The Cadbury-cocoa partnership have kept the supplier power ti a low state because the funds in the partnership are invested in cocoa farms located in India, Ghana, Caribbean and Indonesia so as to determine a long term supply of cocoa (Parasramka and Dufresne, 2012). Competitive Rivalry It has been seen that there exists an aggressive competition in the confectionery industry due to the existence of multiple manufacturers. The big players like Nestle, Ferrero, Mondelez and Mars are indeed very robust brands which will give a very hard competition to Cadbury. These companies are striving for high presence in market by the implementation of multiple marketing strategies. 4.3 Recommendations It is essential for the company Cadbury to ponder over all the external factors and taking them into consideration and turn them into opportunities and plan an effective strategy to execute a successful business. The company is recommended to continue investing in the innovation of the product since it is providing a competitive advantage for Cadbury. It must come up with more innovative and interesting strategies and promotion tactics to uphold the sturdy brand awareness so as to decrease the competitive rivalry. Cadbury should also focus on producing low-calorie and healthy confectionery to address the customers high concerns for healthy life style (Petrone, Gaziano and Djouss, 2013). 5.0 Internal Analysis Resource and Capabilities According to (Sager, 2012), the resources and the capabilities of a market play a major role in constructing a top quality value for the consumers and also in achieving the competitive edge. In the year 1980 there was a shift from the industrial framework to the resource based view (RBV); this highlights the significance of the external environment. The major purpose for this shift is inability of industrial structure to rationalize that why certain firms in the similar industry vary in the internal performance. Resources The resources can be differentiated into intangible and tangible resources. As per (Salabun, 2014) the tangible resources can be physical, financial and human resources while the intangible resources are the skills and also the corporate culture, knowledge of the employees and the company policies. It is very much essential to convert the resources to valuable yield. The capabilities are things which are more than the resources; it comprises, constructs and also transforms te resources so as to create value for the products (Salabun, 2014). Financial Resources Bank overdraft of Cadbury has reduced compared to 2012 Increment of 29.5% in the cash balance Increment in the working capital and also in shareholders capital. Physical Resources The core production unit of Cadbury is located at Bourneville. Mondelez is investing 75 million in the plant of Bourneville Cadbury to create it a world class one. Cadbury also has their own online and physical stores to transact their products. Other than this the company also have teamed up with various retail stores on a huge scale. Technological Resources Cadbury has the right to approach the top notch facilities. The company has started the Chocolate Centre of Excellence in 2012 for the purpose of research and development. Cadbury has adopted ERP system and SAP so as to cope with the merger Human Resource Management There are over 150,000 employees in Cadbury who are very much dedicated and well trained. Cadbury follows a decentralized system of organizational structure. The employee opportunities and benefits such as wellness of the employees, good salary package, pension schemes and insurance plan. Innovation Cadbury have innovated a new range of snacks like dairy milk LU Ritz recently, bringing in together two brands by investing around 7.3m in the process of marketing. Cadbury also industrialized the chocolates which are temperature tolerant. Reputation Cadbury is well known for its quality and purity. Cadbury is positioned as te world class brand in confectionery. The practise of fair trade in Cadbury made a vast difference in the reputation of the company. Table 1: Tangible and Intangible Resources Capabilities The different capabilities of Cadbury which adds to their core competencies are mentioned below: Having a strong experience in the industry of confectionery Pure and high quality Development of new product Advertising strategies Strong image of the brand Unique resources of the world Global strategy of marketing 5.1 Recommendations Cadbury should do a critical analysis of its business environment so as to categorize the strengths and weakness of the company. The acquisition has led to the loss of job for many employees. Cadbury should try to sustainits human resources and integrate the corporatecultures of both Cadbury itself and Kraft for accomplishing better performance and making optimum use of the resources and also the capabilities to stay one step ahead of the competitors in the confectionery market (Saltini and Akkerman, 2012). 5.2 TOWS Framework The TOWS structure is a sequential analysis of the organization which will tally the external opportunities and threats of the organization with the internal strengths and weakness. Internal Factors External Factors Strength Cadbury is the market in manufacturing chocolate in over 200 countries. Cadbury has brands which are strong enough to compete with the different manufacturers of chocolate. The company has strong brand loyalty. With the acquisition of Kraft, Cadbury has high access to the resources and the capabilities. Weakness Mondalez has a difficult task to sustain the emotional bond with the consumers of UK same as Cadbury. Problem to incorporate two different corporate cultures of Mondalez and Cadbury. Very high impact often competitors. There were arguments on the quality control of Cadburys products globally. Opportunities The leading manufacturers of chocolate are working with the Ghana Government towards the sustainability of cocoa. Technological alterations in the confectionery industry. SO Campaigns of sustainability will create goodwill and a good brand image of Cadbury among the consumers. Introduction of the new technologies in manufacturing chocolates to fetch more exotic flavours. WO Brand image will be hampered with the increment in the lines of product. Cadbury must balance the product lines to uphold the stability in the market growth. Threats Introduction of different laws and policies Changes in climate and outburst of dangerous disease. Substitute product threats. ST Cadbury should invest in multiple initiatives to support the farmers in sustainable farming of cocoa Manufacturing healthier products WT Threat are uncontrolled like incurable disease impacting on coca plantation Price wars might be triggered by the aggressive competition. Table 2: TOWS Framework 6.0 Corporate Social Responsibility The framework of CSR is a very vital framework for any company which are trying to donate some of its profit to the betterment of the society. It means the spectrum of benefits for the society as a whole with the activities of the business (Srdjevic, Bajcetic and Srdjevic, 2012). 6.1 Pyramid of Corporate of Social Responsibility There are four aspects of CSR which comprises of legal, economic, philanthropic and ethical. According to the current trends philanthropic and ethical functions are very essential in the corporate world. The following diagram shows the layers of the pyramid (Tokede, Gaziano and Djouss, 2011). Figure 2: Pyramid of CSR There are multiple initiatives which were undertaken by Cadbury on CSR. The following are some of the activities listed. $500 million USD was invested in coffee and cocoa origins. The company aimed at cutting down 14% of the usage of water and energy for the sustainable environment. Cadbury provided employment to the young people to motivate them. Educational projects were supported to develop their skills. Balanced and physical lifestyle initiatives were undertaken. Homeless and Vulnerable people were taken care of (Toledo, 2013). The Purple goes Green campaigns were initiated to decrease the plastic waste and encourage recycling. 6.2 Application of CSR Stances Forum of the interaction of the stakeholders Since Cadbury takes the consideration of multiple stakeholders in implementing strategies so it comes under this forum. Cadbury considers all its stakeholders to conduct its business (Vank, Mikol and vkov, 2012). Triple Bottom Line and Systems The company measures their growth on the foundation of their financial growth along with the environmental growth. Cadbury aims to manufacture their products in a sustainable manner by maintaining ethical codes of standard (Viveros, 2014). Proactive Cadbury is proactive in the societys betterment and donates a lot to it by initiating a number of SCR strategies like, health and welfare, etc. Good Practice ensured by System Cadbury started the initiative named the call for well being an approach for high well being of the people (Wilkins, 2010). 7.0 Other International Opportunities The suitable country in which Cadbury can diversify its business is UAE, which is very perfect for the market en try of Cadbury. The market of UAE chocolate confectionery is forecasted to flourish at a CAGR of 7.01% around 2014-2019 (Widmer, Lerman and Lerman, 2012). 7.1 CAGE Framework United Kingdom UAE Cultural Distance Native language is English, others being Irish, Welsh, etc. Social Norms- Meeting and greeting, punctuality and giving gifts. Religion- Christian 72%, Hindu- 1.5% and Muslim 2.5% Arabic is the main language other immigrant languages being English, Hindi, Urdu, etc. Social Norms- Ethnically different from UK, Islamic greeting Islam dominated religion Political Distance Monarchy Constitutional Perception of corruption index- 7.6 Federal government of UAE with many organs CPI- 5.8 Geographical Distance UK comprises four countries Population- 7,420,220 Comprises seven emirates Population- 1,138,351 Economical Distance 7 times more economical than UAE After Germany, second largest economy in Europe High standard of living. Open economy with huge per capita income. Three times industry establishments than UK. Table 3: Cage Framework 7.2 Rationale of the entry in the market of UAE. There are highly favourable conditions of tax in UAE with less barriers of trade which actively attract the investors from the international market. The tourism sector is the major reason to enter the market. UAE invites around 12 billion tourists every year which is a high potency for entering the market. The company can also establish Cadbury world for the tourists attraction in UAE. The company can also manufacture chocolate dates according to the taste and preferences of the localities in UAE. Cadbury has to initiate various marketing strategies to promote its market presence in the confectionery market of UAE (Wright, 2014). 7.3 Market Entry Strategy It is strongly recommended to the company for an alliance and joint venture strategy for entering the UAE market to set up the business. The perfect strategy is joint venture because the risk of the investment is shared among the partners and it also gives a huge access to the resources. Executing an alliance with a partner in UAE will help Cadbury to identify the market in detail and the localities can also be targeted. The quality of the product can also be efficiently monitored and Cadbury will also be to come up with innovative products with joined strategies (Yksel, 2012). 8.0 Conclusion The world biggest confectionery company is Cadbury for its strong brand image. Thus it is very vital for the company to analyse its internal and external environmental factors to be well aware of the alteration to attain a competitive edge. Research tools like Porters Five Forces, PESTLE, TOWS, etc give the company the effective information for designing its business plan with the changing preferences of the consumers. Besides this Cadbury should continue working for the society as well to protect the brand equity and goodwill. Whilst expanding in other international markets, Cadbury should analyse all the factors to understand the markets (Zarantonello and Luomala, 2011). References Agudo-Valiente, J., Garcs-Ayerbe, C. and Salvador-Figueras, M. (2013). Corporate Social Performance and Stakeholder Dialogue Management. Corporate Social Responsibility and Environmental Management, 22(1), pp.13-31. Ajibola, O. and Njogo, B. (2012). The Effect of Consumer Behaviour and Attitudinal Tendencies Towards Purchase Decision : A Case Study Of Unilever Nigeria Plc , Cadbury Nigeria Plc , United African Companies Plc. Oman Chapter of Arabian Journal of Business and Management Review, 1(12), pp.88-118. Appleton, K., Mckeever, N., Woodside, J. and Mckeown, P. (2011). Biscuits, chocolate and fruit snacks: Effects on hunger and food intake. Appetite, 57(2), p.544. Appleton, K., McKeown, P. and Woodside, J. (2011). Chocolate, biscuits and fruit bars: effects on appetite and mood. Proc. Nutr. Soc., 70(OCE3). Assessing the industry using Porter's five forces. (2014). Veterinary Record, 174(Suppl_1), pp.3-3. Beneke, J., Floyd, V., Rono, C. and Sherwood, K. (2015). Chocolate, Colour and Consideration: An Exploratory Study of Consumer Response to Packaging Variation in the South African Confectionery Sector. IJMS, 7(1). BOYLE, R. (2012). Language contact in the United Arab Emirates. World Englishes, 31(3), pp.312-330. Bray, R. (2015). Developing a participative multi criteria decision making technique: a case study. IJMDM, 14(1), p.66. Bugge, A. and Lavik, R. (2012). Forbidden Fruit Tastes the SweetestA Study of Norwegians Consumption Pattern of Chocolate, Sweets, Salty Snacks, Soft Drinks and the Like. Food and Nutrition Sciences, 03(12), pp.1619-1630. Collier, R. (2010). Critics say UNICEF-Cadbury partnership is mere sugarwashing. Canadian Medical Association Journal, 182(18), pp.E813-E814. Dul i, ., Gnjidi, V. and Alfirevi, N. (2012). From Five Competitive Forces to Five Collaborative Forces: Revised View on Industry Structure-firm Interrelationship. Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences, 58, pp.1077-1084. George, O., Owoyemi, O. and Onakala, U. (2012). Hofstedes Software of the Mind Revisited and Tested: The Case of Cadbury Worldwide and Cadbury (Nigeria) Plc - A Qualitative Study. International Business Research, 5(9). Jerzewska-Zychowicz, M., Jeznach, M. and Kosicka-Gbska, M. (2012). CONSUMERS INTEREST IN FUNCTIONAL SWEETS AND CONSUMER PREFERENCES. ZNTJ. Ketola, T. (2013). Rationale, Morals, and Needs Pyramid for Corporate Responsibility Development. Corporate Social Responsibility and Environmental Management, 21(4), pp.228-239. Kozelov, D., Matejkov, E., Fikselov, M. and Dknyov, J. (2014). Analysis of consumer behavior at chocolate purchase. Potravinarstvo, 8(1). New Partnership launched. (2010). Br Dent J, 208(1), pp.37-37. Pai, V. and Subramanian, R. (2014). Kraft Foods, Inc. in India The Cadbury Acquisition. Asian Case Res. J., 18(02), pp.371-399. Parasramka, S. and Dufresne, A. (2012). Supraventricular tachycardia induced by chocolate: is chocolate too sweet for the heart?. The American Journal of Emergency Medicine, 30(7), pp.1325.e5-1325.e7. Petrone, A., Gaziano, J. and Djouss, L. (2013). Effects of Dark Chocolate and Cocoa Products on Endothelial Function: A Meta-Analysis. Current Nutrition Reports, 2(4), pp.267-273. Sager, M. (2012). Chocolate and Cocoa Products as A Source of Essential Elements in Nutrition. Journal of Nutrition Food Sciences, 02(01). Salabun, W. (2014). Application of the fuzzy multi-criteria decision-making method to identify nonlinear decision model. International Journal of Computer Applications, 89(15), pp.1-6. Saltini, R. and Akkerman, R. (2012). Testing improvements in the chocolate traceability system: Impact on product recalls and production efficiency. Food Control, 23(1), pp.221-226. Srdjevic, Z., Bajcetic, R. and Srdjevic, B. (2012). Identifying the Criteria Set for Multicriteria Decision Making Based on SWOT/PESTLE Analysis: A Case Study of Reconstructing A Water Intake Structure. Water Resources Management, 26(12), pp.3379-3393. Tokede, O., Gaziano, J. and Djouss, L. (2011). Effects of cocoa products/dark chocolate on serum lipids: a meta-analysis. Eur J Clin Nutr, 65(8), pp.879-886. Toledo, H. (2013). The political economy of emiratization in the UAE. Journal of Economic Studies, 40(1), pp.39-53. Vank, M., Mikol, M. and vkov, K. (2012). Evaluation Methods of Swot Analysis / Metody Vyhodnocen Swot Analzy. GeoScience Engineering, 58(2). Viveros, H. (2014). Examining Stakeholders' Perceptions of Mining Impacts and Corporate Social Responsibility. Corporate Social Responsibility and Environmental Management, p.n/a-n/a. Widmer, R., Lerman, L. and Lerman, A. (2012). Chocolate and cardiovascular disease: a sweet deal?. European Heart Journal, 33(17), pp.2118-2120. Wilkins, R. (2010). Danes impose 25% tax increases on ice cream, chocolate, and sweets to curb disease. BMJ, 341(jul06 2), pp.c3592-c3592. Wright, J. (2014). Sweet success. Nursing, 44(2), p.30. Yksel, I. (2012). Developing a Multi-Criteria Decision Making Model for PESTEL Analysis. IJBM, 7(24). Zarantonello, L. and Luomala, H. (2011). Dear Mr Chocolate. Qualitative Market Research: An International Journal, 14(1), pp.55-82.

Macys Swot Analysis free essay sample

The SWOT analysis provides an in depth picture of the rganizations business and operations. The internal Factors of the organization for Macys include the strengths, and weaknesses. The strengths are the areas where Macys stands out as an upscale retailer store. The strengths include skilled management, positive cash flow, and well- known highly regarded brands (Bateman Snell, 2009). We will write a custom essay sample on Macys Swot Analysis or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page The weaknesses on the other hand are the areas where Macys retail stores lack and perhaps need to improve in order to stay ahead of competition. The External factors of Macys include the opportunities and threats. These factors play a big role in helping the business grow or hurting the business. The opportunities may include ads on wireless mobile to attracted more customers and reach bigger numbers of sales. The threats on the other hand might include the possibility that competitors will enter the underserved niche once it has been shown to be more profitable (Bateman Snell, 2009). The SWOT analysis will draw a good understanding of the business situation Macys retail store are in the market and against other competitors. Macys is a retail store that started as a freestanding store and now became a national department store offering a one stop shopping experience for all consumers throughout the country. It has volved and grew into a bigger and more stable type of retail store. In fact it became a national brand throughout the years. Macys incurred some changes throughout these years in addition to being a national brand it had to become part of a more stable and efficient business. In 1994, Macys merged with the Federated Department store creating the worlds largest department store company (Tsiantar, 2006). This is one of the many moves a company chooses to excel in its position in the retail market industry. One also believe this particular move gave Macys expansion it opportunity to be bigger and reach more states and then became globally. Now this paper is about the SWOT analysis of Macys as a retail store business. The SWOT analysis: strengths, weaknesses, opportunities, threats for Macys (Tsiantar, 2006) Macys strengths include economic scales, purchasing power, efficiencies in the market, and chains into the singular Macys brand, Federated department store can expects greater economies of scale. Good business practice produces a steady and continuous flow of consumers. The purchasing power of Macys is one of many recently found strengths is it size. In terms of purchasing power, Macys could rival Wal-Mart in its ability to use continuous volume to secure the best prices. Again, Macys have greater leverage in making sure that it secures the hottest merchandise for its consumers. The marketing efficiencies for Macys are through national campaigns. The option of splitting resources for campaigns, Macys is able to buy more national advertisements. The article reports Macys the company recorded revenues of $23,489 million during the financial year ended January 2010 (Aarkstore, 2010). The mixed old and new paths includes to competition with pure play internet retailers, Macys has a strong position in being able to leverage the storefront and the internet. On a national scale give Macys storefronts the ability to cross promote the internet by its actual presence. All consumers of Macys have the luxury of buy online and having the security of being able to return a particular product. This special idea placed by Macys Management enable Macys with a competitive advantage over other internet retailers (Tsiantar, 2006). The weaknesses Macys have to rebrand most of it product from a regional brand to Macys brand. The branding obviously takes time and this period of time for product to reach the store is crucial in order to secure profits. Thus Macys must try everything to speed up the process to secure a profit through a brand. Some regional brands have value and customers have a relationship with the regional stores. Such stores have spent many years promoting their regional brand with the consumers psyche. Impersonality of a national brand Macys must understand that the availability of a store regionally is because it provides appropriate products and service experiences. Also, replacing the so called affordable luxury labeled brands like Liz Claiborne, Calvin Klein, Jones New York, and Ralf Lauren to better or more defined brand names. Ultimately these affordable uxury brands are placing Macys within the middle of the department store food chain. The recent consumers are more into researching online different options before deciding to go the retail store. Also, different seasons alter sale and profit margin according to the article sales should either be flat or will decline slightly (Mallas, 2008). The article was comparing Macys to Wal-mart, and Targets sales and earnings for the year of 2008 (Tsiantar, 2006). Opportunities for Macys with new shoppers are through first impression. First impression usually has a strong impact on loyal customers of the regional department stores. Macys has a power of influence on the suppliers. Macys can influence these suppliers to make the latest and hottest product on the market. Federated the department stores need to minimize the number of stores and consolidate them to Macys (Tsiantar, 2006). Then the lesser names in the market the better Macys brand becomes and the stronger it will be amongst other stores. Strengthening the position of Macys in the financial market allows it to better facilitates its funds and cut on cost thus more profit. Threats: Macys have many threat from all kind of competition stores like Wal-Mart, Kohls, and specialty stores. If the competition keeps increasing on Macys market, Macys is going to be in serious troubles. Other threats like higher gas prices, higher lesser profit margin. In conclusion Federated Department Store- Macys hold a huge market value within the retail industry. Weighing the internal and external factors Macys should be in better and healthier business position. One believe the internal factors precisely the strengths of Macys can and will always make it more valued to all consumers. The name Macys should peak out in the consumers interest and get the consumers into the store to increase profit margin. The federated Department Store has many challenges and one of them is to make Macys the department store that once was.

Barnstorming essays

Barnstorming essays Barnstorming: The Wings of Superman Welcome ladies and gentlemen, this is your captain speaking. We are traveling at a maximum speed, and at an altitude of 28,000 feet. There will be no seatbelts, or brakes, so please sit back and enjoy the flight. Would you pay five bucks a pop to fly with a barnstormer? What is a barnstormer? A barnstormer is someone who performs dangerous stunts with an airplane. These dare-devils were called flying circuses, (Hanson78) they would fly low to the ground, stood and walked on wings, or dipped and looped in mid-air. Everyday, these barnstormers would put their lives at risk for public applause. Soon, technology stepped in and scientists and inventors came up with new ideas to make the biplane safer. This fact is what really crashed a barnstormers hopes, No longer would there be that death-defying pilot who flew with the knowledge at the seat of his pants. The commercial air transportation business started off by carrying mail, then cargo, and later passengers. Business boomed after the 1920s and into the 1930s. Controlled airplanes and big money got the best of small time fun. The technology of aviation was a result of barnstorming individualists who put their lives in danger. Background and History of Barnstorming To become a barnstormer, was to express an independent and romantic side. From the 1800s up into the 1900s, it was all about being quiet, calm, and following the rules. The roaring twenties changed all of that; women were actually doing things that men did. Women wanted rights with being able to vote and they wanted the right to be able to fly an airplane as well. Amelia Earhart was one of those individualists who broke out of the 1800s. Even though Colonel Billy Mitchell was the first to fly around the world in 1924. Amelia was the first woman to fly around the world from west to east in June 1937, (refer t...

SHOULD ETHANOL BE REQUIRED IN GASOLINE Research Paper - 1

SHOULD ETHANOL BE REQUIRED IN GASOLINE - Research Paper Example Since last two three decades scientists, however, have been expressing their concerns over the over use of fossil fuels. Since coal, gas or natural energies are non-renewable and over the year’s excessive use of these fuels have caused huge depletion of these, this golden age of fossil fuel power can not run for long. Time has come to seriously think upon alternative sources of energy for the future as possession of huge amount of energy is a requisite for any kind of human civilization. Looking at the depletion rate of fossil fuels it has become quite evident that future will embrace renewable sources of energies to keep the high pace of development of human civilization. Being environment friendly these energy sources will also be able to provide mankind with a more pleasant and safe environment to live in. Here comes the importance of ethanol as it is a renewable fuel. Ethanol can be produced from various kinds of agricultural feeds like sugarcane, agricultural residues, an d wastes of forestry wood. However, sometimes, it is also produced chemically from chemical components like ethane or ethylene. (Onursal and Gautam, 1997; Srinivasan and Saravanan, 2010) The molecular structure of ethanol comprises of C, H and O and it is chemically known as C2 H5 OH. Ethane has very well defined chemical as well as physical properties. Ethanol has the capacity to be used as fuel for transportation purposes in its original form. It is also quite able to get blended easily fossil fuels like gasoline. Today, many cars are no longer using pure gasoline as the source of energy, but they are using a blend of ethanol and gasoline. (Onursal and Gautam, 1997) Currently, the interest in using ethanol as an alternative fuel option has increased significantly. As a result production of ethanol is also taking at a faster pace than before. At present, most of the ethanol is being produced from renewable stocks for minimizing CO2 emissions in the air. CO2 is greenhouse gas that i s responsible for global warming. The addition of ethanol to gasoline helps in the increase of the octane number in the blended fuel form and produces some changes in the distillation temperature. (Onursal and Gautam, 1997) Although addition of ethanol to gasoline is being increasingly considered to be an alternative of pure gasoline, there are some arguments against having ethanol in gasoline. In the presence of widespread debate regarding the use of ethanol in gasoline, the purpose of this study is to find out whether it should be right to use ethanol in gasoline. Thus the thesis statement of this paper can be presented as follows: Ethanol should be used as an alternative fuel option and it should be there in gasoline in appropriate proportion. Here some efforts will be made to check the cases for and against having ethanol in gasoline. On the basis of the findings, a conclusion will be made with respect to the thesis statement of this paper. (Onursal and Gautam, 1997) Arguments f or having ethanol in gasoline In near future fossil fuels will no longer rule the energy sector of the world given the alarmingly fast rate of their depletion. The golden age of fossil fuels will come to an end very soon and different sorts of other power sources, particularly renewable sources, will replace fossil fuels and also play an important role in making the environment more clear. Alcohol like ethanol has some advantages in their use as an energy source over

The Black Album Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

The Black Album - Essay Example Some authors writing about Islam, like Alex Haley, come from Christian backgrounds. Other authors, like Amitav Ghosh, Zadie Smith, Hanif Kureishie, and Salmon Rushdie, come from Islamic backgrounds. The difference in the portrayal is the authors experiences. It is important to explore the Muslim character in the modern age in the light of current international and local political events. This will be achieved by having a review of some of literary texts written in the 20th and 21st century. In order to understand Islam in literature, an analysis by comparing and contrasting various literary texts will be undertaken. In this study I will focus on how selected writers, authors, and thinkers interpret the relationship between Muslims and the West, particularly as the land of immigration for Muslims from the Middle and Far East.. These texts talk about many themes such as Muslims communities, the separation of these communities from the outside Western world, the relationship between Muslims and the people from the West, the radical points of view some of Muslims in the west posses, the ‘crises of belonging’, and the search for an identity that seem to affect many of the characters in these texts. The influence of the Islamic terrorist minority will be shown. The Western world has fixated on the terrorist and violent aspect of Muslims since before 9/11. An example provided will be Malcolm X. Malcolm X did not believe in the non-violent approach of Martin Luther King (a Christian). Although Malcolm X intended the violence to be in self defence, Islam became equal to violence in his writings. The way that these writers characterize people of different mentalities among the Muslims, the fairness of their characterization, the attitudes and the changes in them, the description of these characters as being similar or different, and the way these texts regard the

Time Management Benefits: University Students

Time Management Benefits: University Students Time management refers to a range of skills, tools, and techniques used to manage time when accomplishing specific tasks, projects and goals. This set encompasses a wide scope of activities, and these include planning, allocating, setting goals, delegation, analysis of time spent, monitoring, organizing, scheduling, and prioritizing. Many people sometimes forget about that successful people all manage time well. They value every second of their time, and always make sure that none of it is wasted. In order to be successful, time management is important because students must balance their time wisely among many commitments such as classes, study time, family, friends, and possibly employment. If time is not managed properly, it is easy for students to put off the important tasks or project and concern only on favour activities. Procrastination most likely to happen when there is the least of time management. From an article in Wikipedia, titled Procrastination, procrastination refers to the deferment of actions or tasks to a later time. Psychologists often cite such behavior as a mechanism for coping with the anxiety associated with starting and/or completing any task or decision. It affects most students at some stage of their studies. They attempt to escape doing a specific task that full with boredom. However, the task which is not getting started can make you feeling stress and ultimately panic in which it will influence students academic performance. The way to overcome this is to break down each task into small sub tasks. A schedule can help you dedicate appropriate time to each sub task. Students have to maintain productivity and concentration by scheduling difficult tasks during the most productive work time. Students can use their study time wisely and balance other commitments by having a proper designed and organized schedule. How to design and put on a task into a schedule are the key terms. Consider investing some time into learning how to go about doing this. Students can invest the time upfront and get back the dividend by getting setup a weekly schedule. Thus, students will find the goals and objectives that they have set are achievable. 1.2 Statement of Problem University life is full of challenges. Most of the FPPSM students find it hard to balance their studies, campus activities, work and sport. Furthermore, students always complaint that they are unable to study and do assignment till last minutes. This will lead to poor academic performance. Sometimes, they spend too much time for leisure activities and left their assignments behind their mind. All these problems arise because most of the students do not manage their time properly. So, it is important to know how FPPSM students manage their time to keep a balanced perspective on all areas associated with university life. Most of the FPPSM students have low level of personal discipline. So, they seldom follow the time schedule that they had made themselves. In addition, they also seldom follow the time that plan by lecturer in the course outline. They fail to notice the several important weeks that cause late submission. Furthermore, most of the FPPSM students feel stress and cannot concentrate in the lecture room. They suffer stress because they do not manage their time properly. The students may not have skill to manage theirs. So, they will feel stress when they cannot finish their assignments or study on time. As a result, they will sacrifice their sleeping time to finish all their work. These are all the reasons why the research emphasizes on time management among FPPSM students. 1.3 Purpose of the Study The purpose of research is to investigate the awareness of FPPSM students about the importance of time management. This study will lead students to understand more about time management and inquire into the importance of time management to their academic performance. From the research, relationship among the effectiveness of time management and academic performance can be identified. Besides that, the research will survey the method used by successful students and explain how the successful students manage time in order to balance their studying time and extra-curricular activities. By conducting this research, FPPSM students may get more detailed information about how the successful students use their time wisely among school activities and their personal life or social life. The research may identify the ways of FPPSM students used to release their stress by using leisure time. Usually, an effectiveness time management through leisure activities can help to overcome the academic stress. Stress is indirectly affected to the academic performance. The research will analyze the life style of FPPSM students and students may learn the importance of balance their study life with leisure time. It helps to release stress and make the study become more effectiveness. The research expected bring awareness toward students to maximize their time and make them used the time more wisely. 1.4 Objectives of the Study The objectives of this study are: To investigate the effectiveness of time management on the academic performance of FPPSM student. To investigate the difference between the successful students and other students in time management. To determine the number of students with proper schedule planning. 1.5 Research Questions How effective is the time management against FPPSM student academic performance? What are the differences between successful students and other students on time management? How many of FPPSM students have proper schedule planning? 1.6 Significance of the study The finding of this research will help FPPSM students to manage their time wisely by knowing which items they need to pay attention to. Assignments that are due or revision for an upcoming test will be important. In addition, the finding will enable the students to lead a more balanced life by helping them find the time and energy to devote to all the important areas of their life. Besides, students who are under stress caused by work load pressure can be easily avoided with the help of time management. Work will complete on time and their stress level will stay at a normal range and leave a positive effect on their health. 1.7 Scope This research will be conducted in Faculty of Management Human Resource Development(FPPSM) the respondents are the first, second and third year of Human Resource Development, Management Technology, Marketing, Accounting, and Industrial Psychology students. The respondents are 50 students from FPPSM between the ages of 19-25 years old and they were selected randomly. The questionnaires were distributed on the 3rd and 4th February 2010. CHAPTER 2 LITERATURE REVIEW 2.1 Definition of Time Management First of all, this part of research will start by introducing the definition of time management. Clarke stated that time management is a system, set of tools and skills that when combined will help you to gain more out of your allocated time and also let you be able to use your time to accomplish what you want and what you need to accomplish. In addition, time management is the control and focus of a persons actions to making everything do fit into specific durations and schedules, and try hard to make that fit happen, whether or not our tasks can actually be accomplished at that time. As we know time management is life management. It is the core skill around which everything that you do revolves around. It can be said that the quality of your life will be determined by the quality of your time management. Time management is really the external demonstration of self-discipline in your life. The most valuable thing human beings have are time. We can always get more money but once we spend our time it is gone forever. Firstly, to be a successful student they need to realize how valuable time is and then they need to understand the principles if they are going to manage it effectively. (Time Management) In addition, time management includes your day-to-day activities as well as your long term future wants and goals you have set for yourself. Some skills included in time management are planning, goal setting, managing your task or scheduling things you need to get done or would like to do. A diary is a very useful tool to help student manage their time wisely. In a diary they can schedule their planned things to do ahead of time by knowing what they need to pay attention to such as assignment and revision for an upcoming test. However, improve of time management skills is essential for student to reduce their stress and anxiety which comes from their university life. 2.2 Effectiveness of Time Management on the Academic Performance of FPPSM Student. According to Dozier (2008), with appropriate time management, students will be able to have more accomplishment. He also stated that the benefits of time management. College students will be able to live an ordered life with more extra time. Besides, college students will be able to reduce physical stress and avoid procrastination. According to the study of Ohio University from Karpinski (as cited in Kok and Teo, 2009) result of academic will be influenced if someone spent too much time online. Two hundred and nineteen of Facebook users were investigated by a research and find that undergraduates had grade point averages around 3 to 3.5 is a Facebook users On the other hand, students can get the higher GPAs if their less involve in Facebook. The same situation will occur if student addicted in playing game. If students can manage their free time or leisure time well, maybe it can avoid their result from getting bad. Someone will forget to do revision if he or she playing game without control. Student who addicted in game even be talk to study but he or she maybe always thinking about their game. It will totally jeopardize their performance in school and social relationship. The research paper by Ranjitamisra and McKean (2009) investigated the inter relationship among academic stress, anxiety, time management and leisure satisfaction among 249 university undergraduates by age and gender. The results have shown that females experienced higher self-imposed stress and more physiological reactions to stressors than males. They are managing their time more efficiently than males. From the results, we can find that time management has strongly correlated to academic stress. In addition, state anxiety had a greater association with reactions to stressors than trait anxiety. Besides, we also find that leisure activities will typically reduce academic stress. In the research titled Total time and efficient time management, Study, Study combine to Test, and Rest programming are the factor inherent that will affected to learning and retention (Izawa, 1999). From the research, time management may affect the effectiveness of learning process. Besides, according to Weissberg et al. (as cited in Schumm, 1992), time management is important to most of the undergraduate students and it becomes their primary personal need to make the learning process be more effective. College students are burdened by coursework, assignment, part-time jobs, and extracurricular activities. The time management skill is a method to improve undergraduate students self-control. Briton Tesser (as cited in Schumm, 1992) found that there is a relationship among student self-report and their grade point averages. 2.3 Difference between the Successful Students and Other Students in Time Management. There was several view point from expert about become a successful students by managing time wisely. Apps (1990) stated that methods of successful students are used to manage their time. The students are blocked to learning mainly cause by time-stealers. Time stealers means that we do not have awareness when time flying. Time stealers include procrastination, unclear priorities, daydreaming, frustration and anxiety. On the other hand, successful students are time savers and time makers. Time savers means that save other time by eliminating the time-stealers. Time-savers include time inventory, weekly time plan, monthly calendar, to-do list and saying no. Then, time-makers refer to gain more time in life. Time makers include working more efficiently, using spare moments effectively and storing time. (Apps, 1990) According to Rochita (2009), many college students find it hard to balance their time with study and other social activities. Most of them are distracted by social activities and unable to cope with the study. So, college students need to manage or organize their time to maintain their CGPA. Firstly, they can go to a quite place to study instead of study in the dorm. It is because students may be distracted by their roommate. Then, college students should stay organized by writing down all the planning in a planner or notebook. In addition, college students should keep a to-do list above their desks to know what they are supposed to do every day. Lastly, college students should get rid of the clutter. Furthermore, Grabmeier (2009) discussed about the effects of procrastination. Lack of quality of work is one of the effects. It will also lead to students academic performance and the most important is students work does not accomplish before due date. Besides, Grabmeier also suggested some ways on how to become a successful student. From the research conducted by Britton Glynn (as cited in Schumm, 1992), ninety freshmen were surveyed using an instrument that included items related to choosing goals and sub goals, prioritizing goals, generating tasks and subtasks from the goals, listing the tasks on a to-do list, scheduling them, and then carrying them out. In the article, it stated that short-range planning, time attitudes and long-range planning are playing roles in college students academic performance. In order to become a successful college student, short-range planning and time attitudes are important to the cumulative grade point average. From this article, an effectiveness time management may be one of the factor affect to their academic performance. 2.4 Number of Students with Proper Schedule Planning. Ex-Ramapo students return for panel discussion with Class of 2010 which report by Loffredo (2010) discussed about, students need manage their time well. For example, balance study time, socializing, entertainment and sport to keep healthy life. Maybe students can finish their work in right time without do until night or finish last minutes. If students finish their work in early time, maybe mistake can be reducing. It can help student get the good mark in assignment. Besides, from the article Students learn to manage time from University Counselling Centre sponsors programme to help students succeed and learn to manage time. The author of this article is Jackson, (2004) claimed that student need to manage their time in study and socializing. This is because students can improve their relationship between friends. Daily schedule is needed to manage their time more effectiveness. Stress maybe can be reduced if students have good time management. The more important thing will be done first before it is too late. According to Barnes (1992), an effective learning depends on self-awareness. The awareness of students may affect the effectiveness of study and directly give effect to the academic performance of students. A research conducted by Maddox (as cited in Barnes, 1992) explained that studying in the afternoon is more efficient than studying at midnight. A proper time management may reduce students hour of studying. Besides that, a good time management could hinder the unnecessary things from consuming more time. The unnecessary things may cause time being wasted. Time management should be measurable. Students may manage their study by including appropriate time for leisure. Students should learn to indentify and list the priority things. Based on Barness opinion, time planning is useful and should be a guideline but should also be flexible. The flexibility of time management allows us to deal with the unexpected things. Then, Hirsch (2001) stated that life is what happens when you are making other plans (p.102). It means life is full of unexpected events that can interfere with carefully planned schedules. While some interruptions can be avoided by planning activities to make sure each activity are done properly, other things could come up unpredictably. However, no schedule will work all the time. 2.5 Past Research This research choose the researches of A comparison between the Time-management Skills and Academic Performance of Mature and Traditional-entry University Students conducted by Trueman and Hartley (1996) and How Business Students Spend Their Time Do They Really Know? conducted by Tanner and Maples et.al as the references to conduct this research. The respondents of the research of Trueman were all the first-year students of psychology at Keele that were 293 students (Trueman, 1996). On the other hand, the respondents of the research conducted by Tanner were 212 business major students (Tanner Maples et.al). For our research, there will be 50 respondents from the Faculty of Management and Human Resource Development (FPPSM), UTM. The research conducted by Trueman (1996) focused on the relationship between time management skill and the first year students with different ages while the research conducted by Tanner Maples et. al focused on the awareness of business students spending their time. However, our research focuses on how FPPSM students manage their time and it includes first, second and third year students. The research instrument used by Tanner (1996) was logbook. The students were asked to record the time they spent for each activity for a period of one week. However, the research instrument that our group used is questionnaire and interview. From the research conducted by Trueman (1996), he found that the older mature students (aged more than 25 years) had a better time management skills than traditional-entry students (aged less than 21 years) and borderline mature students (aged 21-25 years). In addition, female students have a better time management skill than male students. However, our research does not study these aspects. Furthermore, the research showed no differences between time management skills and academic performance. However, our research will to study the relationship between time management and students performance. From the research conducted by Tanner and Maple et.al, he found that technological distraction caused business students scarified their study time without realizing it. So, our research will determine the number of students who have proper schedule planning. The past research helped our group to have an idea of how to conduct our research and as a guideline for our research. CHAPTER 3 3.0 RESEARCH METHODOLOGY 3.1 Introduction This section discusses the methodology of the research. The main purpose of the research is to investigate the awareness of FPPSM students about the importance of time management. The respondents are 50 students from FPPSM. Data for the research will be extracted from the questionnaires and also through an interview session. 3.2 Research Instruments In this research, two methods of research instruments had been chosen to gather the primary data. These instruments are questionnaire for quantitative research methodology and interview for qualitative research methodology. A set of 50 sheets of questionnaire containing 18 questions where all of the questions are closed-ended or open-ended questions (Appendix A). There are different types of questions to be asked such as likert-scale questions, listing/choice questions, ranking questions in the questionnaire. In this study, the questionnaires were distributed to 50 respondents who are students from FPPSM. Students from FPPSM were selected to answer sets of questionnaire. The qualitative data for this research comes from interview. We are going to interview two students from FPPSM. One of the interviewee who is a member of Majlis Perwakilan Pelajar (MPP), and another interviewee is a student from FPPSM who CGPA below 3.5. In addition, we prepare a set of questions before the interview (Appendix B). The reason of choosing this method is a lot of important ideas or opinions that cannot be collected through questionnaires. 3.3 Respondents of the Study The respondents are from first, second and third year of Human Resource Development, Management Technology, Marketing, Accounting, and Industrial Psychology students from FPPSM. A total of 50 questionnaires were distributed to students at different courses and years in February 2010. A total of 50 students from FPPSM returned the questionnaires. The interviewees chosen were Ms Lai Yit Sien and another student who CGPA below 3.5.The reasons for chosen Ms Lai Yit Sien as interviewee are she can manage their study and extra-curricular well, and maintain her CGPA by obtained Dean List in past semester. Ms Lai Yit Sien is a third year student of Human Resource Development. She is a member of Majlis Perwakilan Pelajar (MPP). On the other hand, another interviewee is a second year student of Human Resource Development. Her CGPA is below 3.5. 3.4 Research Procedure A pilot study was conducted on 1st February 2010 to access the validity of the research instrument. This pilot study was done before we distribute the questionnaires. Each group prepared five sets of questionnaire and distributed them to other group randomly for pilot test purpose. During the actual study, the questionnaires were distributed to the FPPSM students who are first, second and third year of Human Resource Development, Management Technology, Marketing, Accounting, and Industrial Psychology students. Respondents were approached with an initial question of whether they have scheduling or planning activities for their daily life. All the questionnaires collected after the respondents answer the questionnaires. 3.5 Data Analysis To analyse the data, the data from questionnaire were calculated and entered into computer manually. Results were presented through frequency counts and other descriptive statistics. Graphs, tables, charts and etc. were used to provide a clear picture on the data analysis. Interview data were used to validate the data from the questionnaire. The data were transferred into writing form. CHAPTER 4 4.0 FINDING AND DISCUSSION 4.1 Introduction This section discusses the finding and analysis of the research. The finding and analysis in this past will answer the research question of the research. Time management among FPPSM students can be identified through the section below. 4.2 Demographic 4.2.1 Number of Students from Each Course Figure A Distribution of Respondents Based on Courses Figure A shows the distribution of respondents involved in this research based on courses offered at FPPSM. There were 11 students from Bachelor of Science (Human Resource Development), 12 students from Bachelor of Management (Technology), Bachelor of Management (Marketing), and Bachelor of Psychology (Industrial and Organizational Psychology) each other. There were three students from Bachelor of Accountancy. Therefore, the total number of respondents was 50 students. 4.2.2 Year of Students Figure B Distribution of Respondents Based on Year of Students Figure B shows distribution of respondents involved in this research based on year of students. There were 34% of students from first year (17 students), 32% students from second year (16 students), and 34% students from third year (17 students). 4.2.3 Gender Figure C Distribution of Respondents Based on Gender Figure C shows the gender of FPPSM students involved in this research. There were 38 (76%) female respondents and the other 12 (24%) respondents were male. 4.2.4 CGPA Figure D CGPA of FPPSM students Involved in This Research Figure D shows that the CGPA of respondents in this research. 29 out of 50 students achieved the CGPA 3.5 to 4.0. Twenty students have achieved 3.0-3.49, and only one student achieved the CGPA 2.5 to 2.99. Furthermore, there were no students CGPA were below 2.5. 4.3 Relationship between Time Management and Academic Performance 4.3.1 Effective Time Management Figure E Frequency of Distribution in Surfing the Internet of Effective Time Management (extra-activities). Figure E shows the time spent by respondent surfing the Internet in a day. There were around 50 percent of the respondents spent less than three hours surfing the Internet daily and 30 percent of the respondents spent more than six hours surfing internet in a day. Surfing internet may be a way to help students to get the information about study and assignment. On the other hand, some of FPPSM students are addicted in surfing internet. Figure F Frequency of Distribution on the Elements of Effective Time Management (extra-activities). Figure F shows the frequency of distribution on the elements in effective time management. There are 25 out of 50 respondents agree that they have the habit of exercise at least once a week. Besides that, there are around 21 respondents agree that they go for shopping, watch movie and other entertainment at least once a month. There are a number of respondents that are about 35 percent of the respondents having entertainment at least once in 2 weeks. Entertainment like shopping and watching movie are the ways to help students to release stress. However, students should avoid having too much entertainment in their life because it may affect their academic performance. Figure G Frequency Distribution of Elements in Effectiveness Time Management (study). Figure G shows the time of revision that most preferred by FPPSM students. Majority of the respondents start their revision a week before examination. There were not more than ten percent of the respondents start their revision a day before examination. Elements Strongly agree Agree Disagree Strong disagree Do not procrastinate 25 22 2 1 Study time plan 13 23 11 3 Balance in social and study 15 22 12 1 Table A Frequency of Distribution on the Elements (study) of Effective Time Management. According to Table A, majority of the respondents that are more than 50 percents of the respondents agree that they do not procrastinate, having study plan, and able to balance both their social activities and study. 4.3.2 Non-Effective Time Management Elements Strongly agree Agree Disagree Strongly disagree Participate in social activities and neglect study 4 17 18 11 Time full of unnecessary socializing 8 10 21 11Table B Frequency of Distribution on the Elements of Non-Effective Time Management. From Table B, it shows the frequency distribution of elements in non-effectiveness time management among FPPSM students. There are 11 out of 50 respondents disagree strongly that they will participate in social activities even they know they should be studying, and their time full of unnecessary socializing. Generally, more than half of the respondents disagree that they will participate in social activities even they know they should be studying, and unnecessary socializing takes up too much of their days. The finding able to answer the research objective that effective time management affects academic performance. Based on the findings, there are around 60 percent of FPPSM students getting CGPA more than 3.5 and having effectiveness time management. This proves that there are a relationship between effective time management and academic performance. According to Figure E, F, and G, they show the frequency of distribution on the elements of effective time management in extra-activities and also study. There are more than 50 percent of the respondents able to balance their extra-activities and study. There is not much difference between the numbers of respondents that surf the Internet less than three hours per day and exceed six hours per day. Internet is the most important tool in students life. Students may surf the Internet for entertainment, social networking, or information searching. Besides that, most of the respondents have a habit in exercise at least once a week. Exercise is a way to release stress. Thus, they are able to perform well with healthy body and mind. It is because exercise can facilitate blood circulation. So, they are easy to memorize the note if fresh in mind. Self discipline is one of the elements of effective time management. According to the findings, most of the respondents do not procrastination to complete assignments. It is because they have good discipline in managing their time. Most of them can follow their study schedule. Therefore, they can do their tasks systematically to prevent last minute work. As a result, they can produce more perfect and less mistake assignments in order to get the higher marks for their assignments. Indirectly, it will improve their academic performance. According to Barnes (1992), an effective learning depends on self-awareness. The awareness of students may affect the effectiveness of study and directly give effect to the academic performance. Based on the findings, majority of the respondents have self-awareness. Therefore, they aware their own responsibilities as a student are to accomplish their assignments and get the good results. In order to fulfill their responsibilities, they always have time schedule to finish assignments on time. Therefore, marks will not be deducted by lecturer. The effectiveness of time management will improve the academic performance. From the findings, most of the respondents have study time plan and do revision a week before examination. It shows the respondents feel that organizing and planning their time to study and do revision is important to their academic performance. A proper time planning may reduce students hour of studying at midnight. A research conducted by Maddox (as cited in Barnes, 1992) explained that studying in the afternoon is more efficient than studying at midnight. Besides that, the students can choose the more suitable time for them to study. By having an effective time plan, respondents have sufficient time to study and understand the content of study. As a result, they can score better in the examination. 4.4 Difference between Successful Students and Other Students in Time Management Successful student(more than CGPA3.5) Other student (lower than CGPA3.5) 1. What is your opinion about time management? Way to manage time in daily activities Way to distribute time and complete daily task 2. Do you think time management is important to the